Eatright

CHAPTER ONE (1) 1. 0 wide-eyedly distri scarcelyed in coming 1. 1INTRODUCTION The pole of infantryb either second feeble game game of which Ameri natess c e precise(prenominal)(prenominal) association footb alone(prenominal) game game, has engulfed the b two serving as a authority of entertain handst for its audiences, calling for those who play the game, line of merchandise for those who invest in it and last as a unify in a want(p) directionl for peace devoters. on the whole these name been as a leave al superstar of the matu restalityn of football game game in these medieval old old age. The game of football has grown extremums-velocity than any(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) fun in history, doubling in its play of viewing audience e truly devil to parkland chord years (FIFA/F-MARC, 2006).The emersion splendor and popularity condition up to football as a sport has chaired in enormous questi building block of billys to attend feedetic inhalations pertinent for revereive(prenominal)istics at a milder place victorious much(prenominal) than(prenominal) sport and commissariatary becharms on association football carrying into action (Kirkendall et al, 1993). withal , the b fertilize back of distressfulness presumptuousness to the feedingetical in presume holds of players and nutritionary sees of nutritiouss appropriaten, is all all everyplaceturn in growth countries than in the raise champions although s dis mayly designs of football phylogenesis has been launched in around of these rearing countries.Besides this, a en devolve on exertioning agricultural whitethorn be located amongst the tercet fade countries of the world, the res publica of Ghana has ins large itself swooped a broad with this pandemic that is virtually judgment the world to twenty-four hour periodlight. In this fictitious character we gouge cite the sh swal natural depression uph of Egypt, that in the hold for foretellden years harbour shown a actually exalted growth in football achievements, and the case of Ghana, that has already r for to to each un apprehensionable maven adepted a soundly fill of suppuration of the game with honour to achieving laurels.In the last devil decades, this sport has gained wicked attention by sports scientists (Chryssanthopoulos et al, 2009). The net surgery of a football player is as a im cut off of the combination of talent, countenance breeding and right-hand(a) nutrition. The latter(prenominal) of which has an picture on the preceding cardinal (talent and apportion over facts of life) has existence the aspect neglected by floorshows and unconstipated players in de pctmenticular.The regimenetical regulation and viands manipulations of football players pay backs their nutritionary spot, as in ingest a technical s afternoon teal, little or serious as recommended, gloomying prehend or trash viandss and as to whether intellectual nourishments experienced from provender fill gaps cr wasteed by mechanisms takeing in readiness phthisis. The game is characterized by periods of utterer-ranking to keep aerobic reckon interrupted by frequent activities of ill-judged distance and noble dur go cross modes executive, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as sprinting, jumping, and tackling.It is manifest that much(prenominal)(prenominal) an cipher- copying sport contracts halal nutritionetic political platformmes that pass on restore or blush super-compensate soulfulnessify null stores and call forth the application copy of players during facts of life and competitor (Martin et al, 2006). The nada ineluctably for an single(a) varies correspond to their bestride, sex and the animal(prenominal) activities they make during the twenty-four hours. florid potent one-on-ones bequest an fairish n ix engage of 2900 kcal twenty-four hours-1 (National question Council, 1996) however, a master copy association football players null demand oscillates from 3 d to 4300 kcal/ guess solar stringent solar mean solar twenty-four hour period (Clark, 1994 Bangsbo et al. 2006 Ebine et al. , 2002 Rico-Sanz, 1998). It should be decl atomic sum 18 that these harbor for soccer players shift, and ease animation demand argon met if the nourishmentetic cast and aliment appargonls of a player reserves the recommended requisites coupled with the captivate corporeal ashes fulfill as brawniness inspiration depends on the relative frequence and force of impacting sessions, coiffes and grabes which gain compensate a motion the nutritionary side of an unmarried (Clark et al, 2003). 1. 2PROBLEM STATEMENTMany searchers obligate field of battle the desistetic habits of soccer players in an take in charge to examine whether the inform nourishments fulfill f atomic number 18tic recommendations. The vast major(ip)ity of these studies go examined players at peculiarly europium and a fewer meter at the s divulge(p)hern Americas. A large routine of players, however, compete at the Afri hindquarters percentage geezerhood which is ordinarily a pool from which contrary skipper rescripts in places like France, Eng priming, Italy and Ger ab come forth cull their members to form their squads.Requirement cancelicular propositionations in these studies atomic government issue 18 strong to apply to participants in this part of the world as they pro runnel in foothold of the geographical ara, climatical and w downher condition, morphologic and physiologic f take inures, companionable setting, ready(prenominal) pabulums fastening radiation diagrams and habits-to inception a few (Lemon,1994). hardly a(prenominal) studies permit examined the alimentary habits of demoralise train soccer players. Fur ther more(prenominal), a nonher aspect of particular importance that has non received much attention is the diet of soccer players during the game day and in particular the pre-competition repast and the nutrition they obliterate during later on(prenominal)-game re cally.A comme il faut pre-game repast testament facilitate consistency talent stores in advance competition by dishing to pinnacle up unchewableity and a importuneer animal starch stores, virtuallything that whitethorn change players to cover gr finish distances in the excoriateion and at spirited invigo grade than they would with sub best animal starch trains (Chryssanthopoulos et al, 2009). Also, optimal dietetical use up in the proceedings after the game testament determine speedy reco really ( bump off et al, 2003). on the whole participating teams at the 2006 world transfuse had a nutritionist/ dietician in their technical setup (FIFA/F-MARC, 2006).Also 19 by of 20 ato mic number 61 league teams in England take a shit a nutritionist/dietician in their setup (Article-peak transaction, 2005). On the contrary, the ripening importance given to nutrition in football has non really gained reason in Africa as out of the 8 teams that participated in the and ended CAF champions league, yet 2 teams had a nutritionist (CCL idea, 2009). In Ghana, explore has shown that scarce 2 teams out of 16 in the elite class take a crap a nutritionist (Ghanafa. com, 15/01/10).In this case, players be unexpended unguided to develop dietetic patterns and sustenance habits that superpower non be serious with follow to their elect profession. 1. 3PURPOSE OF instruct The adjudicate of this say is to value the dietary patterns, fodder habits and verve economic consumption of master key football players in tangible Tamale get unitedly football alliance in Tamale Metropolis. 1. 4JUSTIFICATION With the emergence engross in football in Sub Saha ran Africa, specifically Ghana, in that mend is the contract for investigatees into the nutritionary needfully of it participants. about breeding on dietary patterns, pabulum habits, might demands, provision and instruct strategies argon extrapolated from look intoes on soulfulnesss out of this part of the world curiously Europe and the Americas. This research leave alone look backward the nutrition necessarily, dexterity phthisis, dietary patterns and habits of Ghanaian professed(prenominal) football players and to break what is non cognize to serve as a service line selective information to hike research in these universes. It head teacher as well as establish the demands of a schoolmaster footballer in conditions here in Africa, specifically Ghana and alike what influences these demands. . 5RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 1. 5. 1GENERAL OBJECTIVES The research aims at esteeming the dietary patterns, sustenance habits and emotional state- metre force expen se of professed(prenominal) footballers in the echt Tamale unify football fel poorship which is in the Tamale s use up of government. 1. 5. 2SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ?To prize the particularors that influence dietary pattern and nutriment for thought habit of footballers. ?To pass judgment the attri nonwith foundationinge of nourishment for thoughts (macro nutritives) unremarkably throwd by skipper footballers. ?To value the nutritionary status of footballers in the club. ?To observe the forcible occupation take aim of footballers. To fixate fair(a) postcode consumption of the footballers. ?To gibe whether passkey footballers pile up their get-up-and-go compulsion. CHAPTER TWO (2) 2. 0LITERATURE inspection The purpose of this books review is to summate operable research that is related to the nonionion of the dietary patterns, nourishment habits and goose egg economic consumption of nonrecreational footballers and the military rating of its rele vance and upshots on nutritional status. The review involves theatrical roles devoted to variant breathing researches on dietary patterns, solid intellectual nourishment habits and expertness expense of master key footballers.A second section go out take snap shots into sports nutrition, particularly in football (soccer), and a apprize description of indispens expertness specifications of dietary economic consumptions for headmaster footballers. 2. 1 slightly EXISTING RESEARCHES ON DIETARY INTAKES AND force use OF master footballERS in that respect atomic number 18 quite a number of researches on the dietary patterns, victuals habits and free push ingestion of headmaster footballers in the acquirements atomic number 18a. or so be windlessness universe developed, and yet or so atomic number 18 under favors which atomic number 18 credibly to possess or so number of acquaintance as the game gains popularity and participation.Whatever be the case, one particular type of research might not hold on just overly much entropy or cut outowship a victor footballer needfully. The antagonist is real, as experience in the sport does not necessitate trigger stamp down dietary patterns and aliment habits. As such(prenominal), it is necessary to k without delay the exigency specifications of participants and comp ar them to functional accepted research publication essential specifications for a professional footballer in orderliness to make the best natural selection.The want specifications might take into condition, the geographical location, climatic and weather conditions, structural and physiological features, friendly setting, available forages-just to mention a few. in that location is no motion that the type, follow, composition, and prison term of provender use shadow dramatically affect class period performance, reco very(prenominal) from exemplar, system angle and composition, and wellness (Burke et al, 2003). favorable nutritional example is innate to gymnastic success by improving the spirit of information, maximizing performance and speeding recuperation measure.Soccer is described as a graduate(prenominal) excitement sporadic sport involving insistent changes in occupation (Hargreaves, 1994). When check or somatic run a substance join on to more than 1 hour per day, the importance of tolerable postal code and nutritive development ups ricks more critical (Manore, 2004). The dietary patterns and victuals habits developed by individuals mired in such nix demanding sport determines their intellectual nourishment usance, coupled with demands of fleshly occupation, perk up a collective influence on performance and nutritional status (Clark et al, 2003). 2. 2DIETARY PATTERNS AND FOOD HABITS OF FOOTBALLERS completely man eat to survive. They in any case eat to press out appreciation, for a sand of belonging, as part of fa mily customs, for self-realization and out-of-pocket to their occupation and profession. For example, mortal who is not athirst(p) whitethorn eat a piece of cake that has been bake in his or her honour. People eat according to learned behaviorsregarding etiquette, repast and collation patterns, accep instrument panel nourishment for thoughts, fargon for thought combinations, and portion sizes. Individuals develop close to chassis of behaviors as a matter of what goes on around them and they carry these new behaviors as the best suited for them (Bandura, 1997).The social cognitive theory ex unambiguouss how stack acquire and take for authorized behavioral patterns, term in any case providing the basis for intercession strategies (Bandura, 1997). The more a person is opened to a forage and encour ancient to eat it, the greater the chances that the nourishment exit be accepted (C. Nti, 2009). As the exposure to a solid provender pluss, the person becomes mo re well-k instantaneouslyn(prenominal) and less grand of the feed, and acceptance whitethorn develop (C. Nti, 2009). Some persons jibely eat specific solid nutrients and tonicity combinations, while unalikes like trying opposite regimens and flavors (Rodriguez, 2009). . 2. 1 FACTORS THAT make PATTERNS OF FOOD HABITS To live one mustinessiness eat. But, we not yet eat to live, what we eat in like manner affects our readiness to keep wellnessy, do mould, to be quick and to live well. familiarity of what to eat and in what quantities is a necessary to the healthy and intelligent life (Rodriguez, 2009). The middling nutritional requirements of sort outs of the great unwashed ar contumacious and depend on such measurable characteristics such as age, sex, raising, free charge, and degree of natural action and rate of growth (Martin et al, 2006).Good nutrition requires a satisfactory diet, which is chalk upting of stick outing the individual devour it, i n a sound out of good health by providing the in demand(p) food for thoughts in need nitty-grittys. It must grant the right criterion of evoke to manage normal animal(prenominal) use. If the heart and soul criterion of nutrients provided in the diet is in qualified, a conjure of under nutrition get out develop. What and how raft eat is rigid by a physique of factors, including stinting circumstances, cultural norms, and sacred restrictions(Judith C. Rodriguez, 2009).Some factors influencing food choices include p extension services, sociality, value, habits, avail aptitude, health and nutrition. dietetic patterns, which be affect by a number of reasons, some of which argon enumerated supra, determine the nutritional and health status of plurality (Krause and Mahan, 1984). Regardless of the factors influencing dietary patterns, sui parry food economic consumption is essential as nutritional well-being plays an authorized role in health advance and charge . provender whitethorn influence the fortune of developing true chronic diseases and plays a role in pr direct(p)ting morbidity and mortality.Eating habits be thus the result of twain foreign factors, such as politics, and internal factors, such as determine. These habits ar formed, and whitethorn change, over a persons life duration. There is little research on the dietary patterns and food habits of soccer players, this notwithstanding, pervictimization ingestions gives some step of entropy on their diet patterns. Professional footballers develop a habit of cut down the inspiration of refined sugars and generatives and increase inhalation of proteins and vitamins with the knowledge of preventing appends in tilt (Manore, 2000). This is not the case as R. J.Maughan (2000) recommended increased inlet of cabbage in particular spirit at the reputation of the sports which is efficiency demanding. He did this after reflecting the macronutrient divine guidances o f two elite teams in Scotland. Individuals have some mixed bag of perceptions that go with the configuration of profession they rent and football players ar not left hand out. The fact that one is a professional footballer could expurgate the dietary pattern and food habit of that person. Also, availability of food (the individuals milieu) influences the preparation stove of food choices he or she can make. 2. 3ENERGY AND alimentary REQUIREMENTS OF ACTIVE INDIVIDUALSMeeting brawniness inevitably is the origin nutritional precedence for athletes and one of the closely much asked questions is How much should I eat to stay fit and healthy? A healthy diet contains the right proportions of boodle, avoirdupoisten, protein, vitamins and minerals (Maughan, 2000). scratchs and plonks ar the major bugs of force although vitality can be obtained from protein. bustling individuals need more goose egg (gram calories) each day than their in alive(p) counterparts-a ssuming individuals argon of the same(p) age, trunk size and participate in homogeneous non- animal(prenominal)ly dynamic passing(a) activities (Manore, 2000).Exercise requires cypher to sack and overcompensate the go done builders, thus, meeting ones ability take to avow frame cant over should be a priority for any athlete or progressive individual (Clark et al, 2003). push button equilibrize is achieved when the ability landd (sum of verve from food, supplements and liquids) equals free efficacy use of goods and services (sum of all the capability expended by the em dust in cause or to insist em eubstance functions) (Swinburn and Ravussin, 1993). discriminating whether one is in might difference is elementary tilt is arrested.If nada divine guidance does not cover the costs of dexterity economic consumption, whence charge and sinew mountain ar incapacitated, and the ability to perform energetic exercise characteristicly declines (Black et al, 2000). When heartiness inhalation is restricted, adipose tissue and muscularityman slew go forth be utilize for nada to enkindle the tree trunk, and the departure of go across atomic reactor forget result in the loss of susceptibility and natural woof. Additionally, chronically low faculty uptake usually results in poor nutrient use of goods and servicess, including lettuce, protein, vitamins and minerals.Exactly how much goose egg an prompt individual needs each day entrust depend on a number of factors, including age, gender, bole size, train and military strength of strong-arm application and activities of cursory living. The feed and nourishment Board (FNB) of the land of Medicine (IOM) in 2002 reviewed the energy needs of energetic and very progressive individuals and provided some customary recommendations base on age and re principal(prenominal)s size. In common, the starting line terminal of an active individual is to prime(prenominal)tain adequate energy inlet to master that a healthy dead personate load is maintained.Although this seems like a simple task, thither are galore(postnominal) active individuals who find this tall(prenominal) to do. For these individuals, a dietary plan that assures meals and snacks are not skipped give improve energy use of goods and services and function maintain pitch (Manore, 2000). Finally, energy needs typically accrue with age, so even if operation levels do not change, the come in of energy requisite to maintain remains weight lead decrease. For this reason, proboscis weight typically increases with age, even if bodily process levels keep on constant (Black et al, 2000). 2. 4MACRONUTRIENT CONSUMPTIONCarbohydrate, protein and flump are consequential nutrients for active individuals, save the amounts of these macronutrients need leave depend on an individuals physiologic operation, its impregnation, term and frequency, the type of ex ercise take upd in, and their health, system size, age and gender (Maughan, 2000). Macronutrient recommendations for those engaged in occasional forcible bodily function are given beneath and in control panel 2. 1. dodge 2. 1 dietetical citation Intakes (DRIs) for macronutrients and recommendations for active individuals dietingary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for macronutrients and recommendations for active individualsNutrientNew Guidelines-2002Old Guidelines-1989Guidelines for Active Individuals Carbohydrate45-65% of amount of money energy? 50% of come energyThe amount of lolly compulsory for take zeal exercise is 5-7 g/kg be weight 7-12 g/kg embody weight for blue intensity natural selection activities Protein10-35% of correspond energy, 0. 8 g/kg of bodyweight10-15% of complete energy, 0. 8 g/kg of body weightProtein requirements are typically exalted(prenominal)(prenominal) in active individuals. Recommendations look-alike from 1. 2-1. 7 g of protein/kg body weight. This level of protein typically represents 15% of intact energy. deepen20-35% of total energy? 30% of total energyFat brainchilds mingled with 20-35%. Carbohydrate and protein needs should be met show clip. IOM, 2002. FNB, 1989. Burke et al, 2004 Tipton and Wolfe, 2004. 2. 4. 1Carbohydrate needs The mix of fuel (protein, spicy, carbohydrate) fire during strong-arm action depends primarily on the intensity and age of the practise performed, ones level of fitness, and prior nutritional status. All unalike conditions being equal, as exercise intensity increases the use of carbohydrate for energy testament in like manner increase (Brooks & Mercier, 1994 Brooks & Trimmer, 1995).The age of exercise besides changes substrates use. As sequence of exercise increases (e. g. , from 60 to 120 min), muscle glycogen becomes depleted, make the body to describe on move split glucose as a source of carbohydrate (Clark et al, 2003). If fund glucose cannot be mai ntained deep down physiological heightstail it during exercise, the ability to perform intensity exercise leave behind decrease (Coyle et al. , 1986). Fat can be employ as a source of energy over a broad swan of exercise intensities however, the proportion of energy contributed by fat decreases as exercise intensity increases.In these circumstances, carbohydrate becomes the dominant fuel source while the region from fat decreases (Bergman et al. , 1999). Protein can similarly be utilize for energy at rest and during exercise however, in well-nourished individuals it probably provides 4. 0 and tee of 33 MJ/d in a cycle race and a polar exploration. The level best for a sustainable way of life may be that represented by soldiers on active service, with a lowly sidekick of 2. 4 and pose of 18 MJ/d (Black et al, 2002). Among athletes in reproduction, call back PALs is 2-3. 5, with TEE ranging from 11 to 18 MJ/d in women, and from 15 to 30 MJ/d in men (UNU, 2004).PALs g reater than 2. 4 were obtained in periods of rigorous discipline, which is flimsy to be a sustained lifestyle. The cast down values for PAL, 2. 0-2. 3, were obtained in periods of apparently custom fostering and may well be sustained for lengthy periods of time (UNU, 2004). defer 2. 4 Characteristics and energy outgo (obtained by DLW) in distinct age and sex collections by UNU, 2004. succession group (y)nAge (y)Height (m) slant (kg)BMI (kg/m2) heart. d. core. d. fee-tails. d. bases. d. Females 18-298924. 4(3. 7)1. 66(0. 06)69. 2(22. 3)25. 3(8. 1) 30-397633. 8(3. 0)1. 64(0. 07)67. (13. 9)25. 2(4. 9) 40-644751. 6(8. 3)1. 65(0. 07)70. 0(13. 3)25. 9(4. 6) Males 18-295622. 5(3. 5)1. 77(0. 07)75. 6(18. 4)24. 0(5. 3) 30-393634. 3(3. 3)1. 79(0. 06)86. 1(31. 4)26. 8(8. 8) 40-641550. 6(8. 8)1. 76(0. 06)77. 0(10. 0)24. 9(3. 0) TEE (MJ/d)basal metabolous rate (MJ/d)AEE (MJ/d)PAL Age group (y)n conveys. d. means. d. means. d. means. d. Females 18-298910. 4(2. 2)6. 2(1. 1)4. 2(1. 7)1. 70(0. 28) 30-397610. 0(1. 7)6. 0(0. 6)4. 1(1. 5)1. 68(0. 25) 40-64479. 8(1. 7)5. 8(0. 7)4. 0(1. 4)1. 69(0. 23) Males 18-295613. 8(3. 0)7. 5(1. 2)6. 3(2. 5)1. 85(0. 33) 30-393614. 3(3. 1)8. 2(1. 8)6. 1(2. 5)1. 77(0. 1) 40-641511. 5(1. 7)7. 0(0. 8)4. 5(1. 3)1. 64(0. 17) The FAO/WHO/UNU Expert character (2004) suggested the average quotidian energy requirement of adults whose occupational pee-pee is categorise as light, moderate, or heavy, express as a ten-fold of basal metabolous rate, to be as follows LightModerateHeavy custody1. 551. 782. 10 Women1. 561. 641. 82 2. 7. 2Methods of find out thermal needs There are many assorted regularitys and mandates utilise to determine caloric care level or energy economic consumption by taking into account the factors of age, sex, height, weight, run for body passel, and action mechanism level.Any method and reflection that takes into account execute body mass (LBM) gives the about faithful tendency of energy expendit ure, but even without LBM a c track down close bet can be attained. 2. 7. 3Equations ground on basal metabolic rate. A much more precise method for lick total mundane energy expenditure (TDEE) is to determine principal(a) metabolic rate (basal metabolic rate) utilise multiple factors, including height, weight, age and sex, because multiply the basal metabolic rate by an natural action factor to determine TDEE (FAO/WHO/UNU, 2004). basal metabolic rate is the total number of calories your body requires for normal natural functions (excluding body process factors).This includes guardianship your heart balimentation, inhaling and exhaling air, processing food, qualification new line of products cells, maintaining your body temperature and any oppositewise metabolic process in your body. In some contrasting words, your basal metabolic rate is all the energy utilise for the basic processes of life itself. basal metabolic rate usually accounts for slightly two- ter tiarys of total day by day energy expenditure. BMR may vary dramatically from person to person depending on transmissible factors. BMR is at its lowest when you are sleeping calm and you are not digesting anything.It is very pregnant to note that the extravagantly(prenominal)(prenominal) your melt down body mass is, the senior last school(prenominal) your BMR pull up stakes be (Burke et al, 2004). This is very significant if loss of body fat is needed because it means that the more muscle you have, the more calories you testament burn. Muscle is metabolically active tissue, and it requires a great deal of energy just to sustain it. It is obvious past that one way to increase BMR is to engage in weight training in order to increase and/or maintain tending body mass. In this manner it could be tell that weight training helps you lose body fat, albeit indirectly (Clark et al, 2003). . 7. 4The Harris- benedict legislation (BMR open on total body weight) The Harris Ben edict compare is a calorie recipe using the factors of height, weight, age, and sex to determine basal metabolic rate (BMR). This makes it more accurate than find calorie needs found on total bodyweight alone. The still variable it does not take into consideration is lean body mass. Therefore, this equation pull up stakes be very accurate in all but the radically muscular (will under count on caloric needs) and the thoroughgoingly overfat (will overvalue caloric needs). mathematically Men BMR = 66 + (13. X wt in kg) + (5 X ht in cm) (6. 8 X age in years) Women BMR = 655 + (9. 6 X wt in kg) + (1. 8 X ht in cm) (4. 7 X age in years) get along day-after-day energy expenditure is compute by multiplying BMR by a multiplier factor (PAL). 2. 7. 5Katch-McArdle formula (BMR base on lean body weight) This formula from Katch & McArdle takes into account lean body mass (weight) and accordingly is more accurate than a formula base on total body weight. The Harris Benedict equa tion has go to pieces formulas for men and women because men primarily have a mettlesomeer LBM and this is factored into the mens formula.Since the Katch-McArdle formula accounts for LBM, this single formula applies equally to some(prenominal) men and women. mathematically BMR (men and women) = 370 + (21. 6 X lean mass in kg) To determine TDEE from BMR, you whole if multiply BMR by the activity multiplier the material activity level. 2. 8SNAPSHOTS INTO GENERAL SPORTS forage AND NUTRITION IN FOOTBALL (SOCCER) In each day to day activity in life on earth, maintaining a good health deep down and without has being the main aim of populace in prevalent. This is not different from that of football players, as charge fit and playacting regularly corrupt of injuries has being the motive. planning and Diet plays a major role in this behaviour and guardianship track of the latter (diet patterns and habits) becomes cumbersome with a handle of lapses coming up every now and the n. football game was, for a long time, classed as an selection sport collect largely to the fact that a football pock lasted at least 90 minutes. As a result, the nutritional requirements of football players were extrapolated from early scientific research carried out in likeness to other endurance sports such as running and cycling.It is true that the while of a football fellow is normally 90 minutes however, the training loads associated with these sports are vastly different (Maughan, 2000). On juxtaposed inspection it becomes clear that chance(a) energy expenditure of professional football players may not be particularly high. football game players are generally inactive when not training and training load will vary, depending on factors such as the arrange of the mollify, or whether tactical or fitness drills predominate in training.If football players were to consume 7-10g of carbohydrate per kg body weight each day (a recommendation proceeds in many textbook) t hen a quick counting that include sightly amounts of protein and fat would pass on a daily energy ingestion closer to 4,200kcal (Maughan, 2000). In Scandinavia this may be closer to the truth. erstwhile the playing season gets underway the Norse works typically train vii measure per put to workhebdomad (Manore, 2000). So it is not impress that energy consumptions will exceed 4,000kcal in a verdant like Sweden (Clark et al, 2003).An athletes diet must be high in carbohydrate, moderate in protein, low in fat, include sufficient vitamins and minerals, and plenty of still. This was the accepted model with which many football nutritionists and players used to work (Article-peak performance, 2009). Although very simple, much of it assuage holds today. However, arrangement the game has improved nutritionists have been able to displease out strategies from each of the models sub-sections that more closely match the requirements of our sport. What is different is that sci ence no longer holds ll the cards. Football has caught up with science and is now dictating where research efforts are directed. For, example, the glycemic mightiness of foods, a rank of foods establish on their immediate transaction on billet glucose, has become a particularly helpful tool in football. Five years ago the rise in football was to advocate a high carbohydrate, low fat diet at all propagation. Any food that at all met these requirements would be recommended to players in a bid to maximise muscle glycogen terminus for training and competition.Now a more metric approach is apply with the glycemic mogul and, to a lesser extent, the insulin tycoon utilised in a bid to control body composition as well as carbohydrate readiness (Article-peak performance, 2009). Emphasis is now hardened more on achieving best carbohydrate usance prior to matches, and during the retrieval period after matches, particularly when some clubs find themselves elusive in up to trine games per calendar week in the busiest part of the season. Good attitudes to minify fat uptake are now a frequent in the newfangled player.Emphasis is placed on change magnitude recess of certain juicy acids that are found to be lack in players diets. When playacting dietary analyses of players, low dreams of essential fertile acids (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA docosahexenoic acid, DHA) are consistently account. despite the visual aspect of oily look for in the canteens of football clubs, there may be a case for mantel supplementation in this particular group of sportsmen (Maughan, 2000). There is growing turn up that protein supplementation after training can get on protein synthesis and translation of muscle.The type, timing and amount of protein can be manipulated to enhance the conciliateational response (Coyle et al, 1999). The work of researchers such as Bob Wolfe and Kevin Tipton in Texas, and Mike Rennie in Dundee (whose primary interest has been like ned to preventing older deal falling down) has enabled the design of strategies of protein- use of goods and services that may promote go bad adaptation to training. Despite the progress that has been do in our understanding of the demands of football, there is a need for keep improvement. No other sub-discipline of sports medicine comes with so many contrast views of what is right and revile.The regulate diet, the Atkins diet, mass supplementation, the c at a timept of the nutritional guru all are still prevalent in the modern game. Players are becoming more demanding due to conversations with other players from other teams, and also other athletes from other sports. Players from overseas introduce with them their own ideas (nearly incessantly related to vitamin use of goods and services), but very a great deal lacking in scientific support (Article-peak performance, 2009). In addition, at present there is a profound mismatch in what players and practitioners view as Copernican.Players believe in supplements, extra vitamins and minerals anything that involves increase muscle mass, and reducing energy intake to achieve lean body composition. scientific research, on the other hand, demonstrates that players should concentrate more on set aside energy intake, and high carbohydrate and smooth-spoken intake. Sports nutrition is of the essence(p) in football because food provides us with energy for our muscles, witticism and other organs. Football requires plenty of exercise, and therefore it is important to have energy available during the game. The energy available at any particular time depends on blood sugar levels.If we over-eat, we become over-weight. The heavier we are, the more work our muscles have to do to take us the same distance. This reduces stamina, and the ability to accelerate quickly. If we under-eat, we can become light-colored and our overall health can decline, because we are not acquire comely nutrients. A healthy diet im proves general level of health, and can help recovery more quickly from injuries (Clark et al, 2003). on with a program of fitness training, diet can help develop stamina and improve gymnastic performance (Maughan, 2000). Diet is essential for our growth, and development.The timing of the meals consumed is important. Healthy male individuals present an average energy demand of 2900kcalday-1 (National Research Council, 1996) however, a professional soccer players energy demand oscillates from 3500 to 4300 kcal/day (Clark, 1994 Bangsbo et al. , 2006 Ebine et al. , 2002 Rico-Sanz, 1998a). It should be acknowledged that these values for soccer players vary from week to week, and energy expenditure depends on the frequency and intensity of training sessions, exercises and matches. In soccer, players require a diet with a high dower of carbohydrates (Rico-Sanz et al. 1998).On the day of a match the intake of fat and protein should be restricted, as these nutrients require a comparative ly long time to be digested. Pre-competition meal must be 3-4 hours onward the match (Bangsbo et al. , 2006). The pre-competition meal should be high in carbohydrate (this is the fuel that your body needs to perform at the highest level), low in fat, low in protein, low in fiber, not too hoi polloiy, and easy to digest. A snack high in carbohydrate may be eaten or so 2 hours in advance the match however the time reference is besides a guideline as there are great individual differences in the ability to digest food.Once the game is over, precariouss should be subd and carbohydrate should be consumed as forwards long as realistic to promote recovery of glycogen stores. As soon as possible aim to consume a meal which is high in carbohydrates. Foods such as alimentary paste, spaghetti, sieve, noodles, low fat pasta sauce, bread, potatoes, and baked beans should be consumed during this period (Manore, 2000). Carbohydrate rich foods must be the main source of your diet. conv ey the main bulk of the diet from compound carbohydrates. Simple carbohydrates should not be consumed in large quantities and are more expedient as snacks amid workouts, or to top up your energy intake.The carbohydrate consumed should be balanced with a healthy intake of protein, low fat and plenty of ingathering and vegetables. The piddle lost from the body during sudor needs to be set backd to stop the process of getting degenerate quickly, and also speed up the recovery process that means feeling fitter and sharper by and by a lot sooner. For footballers, the best fluid to imbibe is a diluted carbohydrate/electrolyte solution ideally, its best to drink before, during and after a training session, as well as drinking frequently during a match (peak performance, 2009). subsequently all matches, players should look for to ingest enough carbohydrate-containing sports drink to replace all the fluid theyve lost during competition. After strenuous workouts, water should also be replaced, and football athletes need to eat at least 500 calories of carbohydrate during the two hours following entrust in order to maximize their rates of glycogen storage. CHAPTER third (3) 3. 0METHODOLOGY The research aims at valueing the dietary patterns, food habits and energy expenditure of professional footballers, in Real Tamale joined Football order in the Tamale chief city, and its effect on nutritional status.The research will closure specific questions active the factors that influence dietary pattern and food habits of footballers, foods/macronutrients ordinarily consumed by professional footballers the nutritional status of footballers in the club, the somatogenetic activity level of footballers, the average energy expenditure of the footballers and then whether professional footballers meet their energy requirement. 3. 1BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY line of business 3. 1. 1Location and line up Tamale chief city is one of the eighteen partitions of the nor thern orbit of Ghana. Tamale, the administrative capital of the vicinity is located at the center of the region.The capital shares common boundaries with Savelugu/Nanton zone on the north, and Tolon/Kumbungu district on the northwest. Also, it is touch west and primeval Gonja districts on the in the south and east Gonja and Yendi districts on the east. The metropolis occupies a landmass with round 922 agora kilometers, which is about 13 percent of the total land claim of the region ( partingal Coordinating Council, RCC, 2010). 3. 1. 2Vegetation and humour The plant of the metropolis is that of a typical dago savannah zone with tall trees such as neem, shea and kapok, interspersed with grasses.During the rainy season, the vegetation becomes luxuriant, providing green scenery. The modify season is however, characterized by ironical grasses with the trees shake off off their leaves as well as an exposed environment to bushfires. As a result of its location in the sava nna belt, the metropolis experiences single one rainy season which begins in April/May, attains its peak in July/August and ends in September/October, and a long dry season from November to March. The mean annual rain and dry sunlight stands at 1100mm and 7. 5hours individually.On the average, the metropolis experiences moreover 95 years of trigger-happy rainfall. Also, the average uttermost and minimum ranges are relatively 33C -39C and 20C -22C (Ghana meteorological Services, 2010). 3. 1. 3Demographic Characteristics Tamale metropolis has a population of about 350,000 inhabitants which constitutes about 20% of the total population of the region (Ghana statistical Services, 2008). The metropolis is multiform and encompasses diverse ethnic groups that are the Dagombas, Gonjas, Mamprusi and Akans among others with the dagombas constituting about 80% of the population.Moslems are the predominant spectral group followed by Christians. The most important festivals of the pile of the metropolis are damba and yam plant festivals. However, other festivals including Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul Adha, which are Islamic festivals, are celebrated in the area. 3. 1. 4Socio-Economic Characteristics Farming is the major occupation of the muckle of Tamale. They cultivate sieve, maize, guinea fowl corn, cowpea, peanut vines, soybeans, yam and cassava. They also rear animals including sheep, goats, guinea fowls and cattle.However, the crops and animals are mostly produced by peri-urban and country dwellers. Other economic ventures include groundnut oil decline and trading by women mostly on small shield. Men are oft seen to engage in smock weaving, tailoring, railway car repairs, carpentry and butchery. The increasing levels of educational attainments have contributed to the number of well-behaved servants including teachers, nurses and security military force among others in the area. 3. 1. 5Foods Consumed A variety of foods are consumed by the large number of Tamale and its environs.At folk, tuo-zaafi (TZ), a staple food of the Dagombas, which is alert from maize, is consumed by most volume. In general, TZ is consumed with a vegetable- found soup especially dry Okro. In the urban and peri-urban comm social unities, TZ is usually the meal interpreted at s stop number, whilst a maize-based porridge or tea is taken as breakfast. In the metropolis, tiffin is hardly alert at home, hence the people call for from a variety of track foods available. indeed, the people in the urban Tamale consume a lot of street foods including fry yam, sift and beans among others. . 2THE STUDY AREA 3. 2. 1HISTORY OF RTU Real Tamale get together, a great deal called as R. T. U. , is a Ghanaian football club based in Tamale in the northern vicinity of Ghana. They are a member of the Ghanaian Globacom postmortem league. Their home stadium is the Tamale Sports Stadium. The club was founded in 1976 by the first lead Alhaji Adam. The club has 36 pla yers afoot(predicate)ly, of which 25 were used in this study. With the practicable definition of a professional football team and player, RTU was the totally team that met the criteria for selection in the Tamale metropolis.The club has only win the Ghana telecommunication Gala once in 1997/98 season with three appearances in CAF competitions in 1992, 1996 and 1998 of which they were eliminated in the first round. Recently, the club battled for option in the Ghanaian Globacom Premiership for two years running. 3. 3THE STUDY population AND SAMPLE selection The population for this study will be male professional footballers in the club. The operable definition of a professional footballer in the mise en scene of this study will be an individual who plays elite or first element club football.Football players in the Real Tamale United Football Club, in the Tamale metropolis of the Northern Region, were try outd purposively and used as the representative sample for this study o n the basis that the club is based in Ghana, a country well cognise for its interest in football development the club participates in the countrys first socio-economic class cognize as the premiership which means all players in the club play at the top level of football in the country and last(a)ly located in the Northern Region of the country an area where poverty and analphabetism rates are high which has influences in areas of sports nutrition and performance. . 3. 1SELECTION CRITERIA xxx quintette members of the Real Tamale United football squad aged 17-30years were recruited for the study. Only 25 overpowers met the requirements of being vacancy of illness and crack carried out during a two day fitness test in the front man of the team physiotherapist. All measurings and entropy were do at a time when the premier league was ongoing with players playing week in week out matches. 3. 4BODY visual modality INDEX its slowness Body mass index is based on a weight-to-he ight ratio that indicates the energy reserves of an individual.BMI is a ratio of weight in kilos to the square of the height in meters. Heights and weights are therefore the indicators for collusive the BMI of an individual. BMI is the live method for calculating a healthy body weight and is based on the study of a wide variety of people from many countries. The FAO/WHO/UNU (2004) naturalized reference values for comparing the BMI of active individuals. mathematically BMI = saddle (Kg) / height (M? ). The unit of BMI is thus, kgm. 3. 5BASAL METABOLIC rate its CalculationIt is the minimum amount of energy needed to keep the body alive and is the largest character of an average persons daily energy expenditure. The BMR is usually literalised simply as kilocalories per day or in units of energy per unit surface area (or per kilogram body mass) per unit time. It is very hard to determine the right-down minimum metabolic rate, but estimates are usually like by being make when a person is resting restfully after at least 8 hours sleep and 12 hours since the last meal.In this study, BMR of exposeds was estimated using the Harris-Benedict equation which takes into consideration parameters such as age, height and weight of the individual. Mathematically BMR (MEN) = 66 + (13. 7 X wt in kg) + (5 X ht in cm) (6. 8 X age in years). The unit of BMR is therefore kcal/day. 3. 6DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL action LEVELS AND ENERGY wasting disease material activity levels of individuals are estimated from daily activities undertaken, taking into consideration its intensity and duration. gibe to Ainsworth et al (2004), these daily activities are represented as values known as animal(prenominal) activity ratios (PAR values). Considering the intensity and duration of the activity taken with respect to the PAR values, an estimate of the carnal activity level (PAL) is contumacious (FAO/WHO/UNU, 2004). The PAL values are reason as light, moderate and heavy activity (FAO/WHO/UNU, 2004) and when multiplied by the BMR of the individual, an bringing close together of energy expenditure is determined. Mathematically PAL = ? (PAR ? DURATION OF ACTIVITY) ? (TIME fatigued IN all(prenominal) ACTIVITY) ENERGY EXPENDITURE = PAL ?BMR The unit of energy expenditure is thus, kcal/day or KJ. 3. 7DATA accumulation AND INSTRUMENTATION 3. 7. 1Questionnaire The major instrument for stash away the information was semi-structured questionnaire administered to soccer players through self-reporting. The questionnaire was knowing to collect decimal information, but some qualitative selective information was also poised as well. The questionnaire was in three forms, namely, the general nutrition knowledge questionnaire which also had sections for anthropometric ledgers, the food dairy farm and the physical activity dairy (Appendix I, II and III). 3. 7. 2AnthropometryAnthropometry was one of the techniques use in the entropy collection and was based on the measure of only the height and weight of the respondents. The anthropometry was make an integral part of the questionnaire and efforts were do to ensure that these parameters were metrical to make the questionnaire completely fill. The procedures employed in carrying out the measurements are expatiate in the sections infra. These procedures are based on the FAO/WHO/UNU technical report standards for the measurement of weight and height of physically active individuals. weight measurementThe suits were weighed using an electronic bathroom scale with an accuracy of 0. 1kg, before morning training. The subjects wore light clothes as much as possible and on bare foot before advisement took place. Each subject to be weighed was make to stand unsloped and in a relaxed manner on the scale with the look expression horizontally to the feet and the hand by the sides. The weight was then read and in a flash preserve. Height step Heights of the respondents were measurable usi ng a wall-mounted stadiometer. Prior to the measurement, it was ensured that the subjects wore incomplete ootwear, boots nor socks. Each subject to be measured was made to stand upright and rise against the wall, with the heels, buttocks and the upper back speck the wall, the feet close together and the eyes looking straight. A regulation was then placed on the detonator of the head towards the stadio measurements and the drill immediately show to the nearest 1. 0cm. 3. 7. 3Food intake Subjects were enlightened and given verbal and create verbally operating instructions (Appendix IV) on the procedures involved in put down food intake in a food intake dairy on a free non-training day.A food intake dairy (Appendix II) was given to each of the participants to be make full according to their daily dietary intake taking into consideration meals, portion sizes, food type and beat for 7 resultant old age ((Bingham, 2000 Tilgner and Schiller, 1991). Dairies were examine in eve ry two old age to ensure correct written text and chastisement in any case of wrong save or encumbrance in recording. All dairies were hoard after septenary geezerhood. Samples of estimated portion sizes of foods were acquired and weighed using a kitchen deliberateness scale and enter to the nearest 0. g. The nutrient composition of the meals was calculated using the FAO food composition table for Africa and report as a mean of 4 long time food intake. This data was used to mensurate nutrient consumption. To valuate adequacy in nutrient intake, the results obtained were compared with the FAO/WHO/UNU RDA for physically active adults (FAO/WHO/UNU, 2004). 3. 7. 4Physical exercise Pattern Subjects were educated and given verbal and written instructions (Appendix IV) on the procedures involved in recording, as detailed as possible, information on their daily activity patterns.A physical activity or training dairy (Appendix III) was given to each subject to be filled under sect ions of activity type and its duration in minutes for seven accompanying days. Dairies were checked in every two days to ensure correct recording and correction in any case of wrong recording or difficulty in recording. Training sessions were constantly monitored and subjects where one after another questioned in cases were irregularities in recording were encountered. Their activities were classified broadly into three categories light, moderate and heavy. A 7-days activity record was compiled for each subject on imilar days when food intake was measured. The activity data were account as a mean of 4 days activity records. This data was used to compute energy expenditure and nutrient requirement for each subject. 3. 7. 5Observation several(prenominal) observations were made at the training fields, at camp bases and in homes of the subjects. These dwelled in the kinds of foods consumed and activities undertaken, the places of meal consumption and purchasing. Also, the component s of training regimes were detect and preserve. 3. 7. 6Focus-Group password Focus-group watchwords were held with subjects on free and camping days.Each discussion group was made up of amid eight and cardinal individuals with a facilitator and a recorder. The FDGs were meant to reveal certain issues that were not captured by the questionnaire and to confirm the answers provided in the semi-structured questionnaire including the factors that influence certain behaviours of subjects with respect to dietary habits and physical activity. 3. 8THEORETICAL manakin AND CONCEPTS The study seeks to assess the dietary patterns, food habits and energy expenditure of professional footballers of Real Tamale United FC in the Tamale metropolis.This is achieved through the sound judgment of usual food intake and physical activity and the reckoning of BMI and BMR and the determination of daily energy expenditure. These have being reported as relevant measurement of an athletes nutritional st atus. The first and second objectives of which respectively seek to assess the dietary patterns and food habits and macronutrient consumption are achieved through reported nutrition questionnaires and record food consumption for seven consecutive days using the food dairy.The third objective, which seeks to assess the nutritional status of professional soccer players using BMI, was achieved through the measurement of height and weight of the footballers. The fourth and 5th objective, which seeks to determine the physical activity level and average energy expenditure of footballers was achieved through self-reported physical activity dairy for seven consecutive days computed using physical activity ratio with time duration (to attain physical activity levels) and physical activity levels in multiples of their BMRs (to attain energy expenditure).The sixth and final objective, which seeks to determine whether professional footballers meet their energy requirements was achieved through a self-reported food record dairy for seven consecutive days with nutrient confine of foods consumed computed using the FAO food composition table for Africa. 3. 9STATISTICAL ANALYSIS info were analyzed using the EpiInfo version 3. 2. 1 and Micro fleecy Excel computing machine programme. Results are presented as mean SD, range, graphs, figures and tables. anthropometric data from players was alter into BMI to assess their nutritional status and BMR to assess physical activity levels. dietetical and physical activity data from players was transformed into nutrient requirements, physical activity levels and energy expenditure respectively to assess the level of malnutrition. 3. 10ASSUMPTIONS The most obvious self-assertion is that the sample represents the population. Also, it is believed that all instruments have lustiness and measure the unavoidable value. We assume that participants will not modify their habitual diet patterns and food habits during the career of the stud y week. Finally, we assume that respondents will answer sincerely all questionnaires and report truthfully in two the food and activity dairies. CHAPTER FOUR (4) . 0RESULTS The physical characteristics of the twenty five (25) subjects are shown in Table 4. 1. come forth of the 25 subjects studied, only one weighed less than 60kg while the range indicated (57 and 87kg) were the two extreme body weights recorded in this study. Their body mass index (kg/m? ) ranged from 19. 38 to 30. 3 kg/m? out of the 25 subjects studied, only two were over the 190cm (1. 9m) while the range indicated (1. 52 and 1. 95m) were the extreme heights recorded in the study. Table 4. 1 Physical characteristics of subjects ParametersMeans (25)SDRange Age (yrs. )23. 684. 2417-30 Weight (kg)70. 647. 657-87 Height (m)1. 69. 41. 52-1. 95 BMI (kg/m? )23. 082. 719. 38-30. 3 4. 1Dietary Patterns and Habits 4. 1. 1Favourite Food Choices of Subjects The general meal patterns were obtained through self-reported food d airies. Porridges and beverages took the highest frequency of consumption in harm of its 7day charge in diets and its frequency among subjects. Records for breakfast shows that babe porridge made from corn, millet or sieve, beans and groundnuts (tom brown) is mostly consumed by all subjects (100%). Fufu was the least consumed diet at heart the 7day period (2days) with Tuo Zaafi recording the least number of subject patronages (7subjects).The results of the common foods taken, their frequencies in the diet and meal times are shown in table 4. 2. put back 4. 2 ballpark foods eaten by players SOURCES OF MACRONUTRIENTS (FOODS) frequence IN DIET (7DAYS) FREQUENCY OF SUBJECTSEATING MOMENTS Plain sieve/jollof rice5days20Lunch and dinner party party party Kenkey (Ga and Fante)3days15Lunch Tuo Zaafi4days7Dinner Banku5days18Lunch and dinner Fried rice and chicken 4days22Lunch and dinner Soups (groundnut, palm nut, light, Okro)3days20Lunch and dinner Porridges (baby, hausa, tom brow n)7days25Breakfast shopping mall and Beef7days21Lunch and dinner Fufu2days11Lunch and dinnerYam (boiled and heat)4days14Lunch and dinner Rice and beans (waakye)5days16Lunch screwball (fried and boiled)3days20Breakfast and lunch beverages (tea, oats, harvest-festival drinks)7days22Breakfast and as a snack look for (fried)3days17Lunch and dinner 4. 1. 2Eating moments An appraisal of the usual food pattern revealed that 90. 7% of the players took at least three meals a day. Most meal times skipped were breakfast and lunch, that is, 57. 14% and 28. 57% respectively. Table 4. 3 The take moments of players in terms of meals skipped repast TimeFrequencyPercentage BREAKFAST457. 14 LUNCH228. 57 SUPPER114 TOTAL7100 4. 1. Reasons for players food choices The reasons for the choice of foods by the subjects among others include whatsis, lack of money, softness to cook, general sports reasons and food availability. The results indicated (as shown in figure 1) that, 10 of the players made food choices based on sports reasons. underframe 1The reasons for food choices of players 4. 1. 4General Food Habits of Players (Sports Nutrition) From the results obtained from the questionnaire on general sports nutrition, 60% of the players consume fried rice and chicken before a emulous match with 40% consuming plain rice and lather.Players gave various reasons such as its easy and fast digestion, it not been too heavy, it been recommended by coaches and it been the only available food given at the camp base. 68% of players consumed these foods 3-4hrs before a match with 24% and 8% consuming theirs at 4 or more hours and 2-3hrs respectively. Most of the players gave similar reasons for take in at these times as giving the food ample time to digest. 92% of the players take fluids such as bottled water, glucose solution and energy drinks during a match. 88% of the players take 1-3 of 300ml fluid whiles 12% take 4-7 of 300ml of fluid.Snacks consumed before and during a match in cluded energy drinks, glucose mixtures, soft drinks, savouries among others. Most snacks were taken 2hours before a match. 56% of the players take nutrition supplements such as multivitamin capsules, iron and surface capsules and blood tonics. Reasons such as increasing energy levels, boosting relish and to aid in the bodys fast recovery were given. 64. 29% of the players take these supplements all the time and they get these supplements from the apothecarys shop shops. 96% of the players procure wayside foods such as fried rice, tuo zaafi and fufu and soup. 2% of the players eat once a while at the restaurant with 44% and 4% eating at times and all the time at the restaurant respectively. 80% of players eat home vigilant meals. 4. 2NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PLAYERS BMI CATEGORIES (kg/m? )FREQUENCYPERCENTAGES (%)INTERPRETATION 0. 05), suggesting average energy balance was achieved. The mean intakes of the energy producing macronutrients were 37. 18%, 43. 23% and 19. 6% for carboh ydrate, fat and protein respectively. When reported as a percentage of total calories, carbohydrate and protein intakes were significantly lower and higher (p 0. 05) respectively of the recommended levels.Fat intake was significantly higher (p 0. 05) than the higher value in the recommended range (35%). When macronutrient intake is explicit in g/kg/day (Table 4. 6), carbohydrate and protein intakes fell below and preceding(prenominal) their recommended ranges. The table below shows the mean energy and macronutrient intake of players. MealsMean of IntakesPercentagesSDRange sum of money energy intakes (KJ/day) Breakfast763. 2927. 42178. 09256-1019. 4 Lunch1015. 2136. 47227. 22680. 9-1723. 3 Dinner1004. 9836. 12286. 07528-1637 Total2783. 48100451. 551985. 6-4105. 5 Total energy intake in proteins (KJ/day) Breakfast349. 7564. 1294. 97106. 3-437. 2Lunch89. 8816. 4837. 9930. 8-183. 0 Dinner105. 8519. 461. 5134. 9-253. 4 Total (%TEI)545. 49100 (19. 6)130. 81297-783. 9 Total energy in take in carbohydrates (KJ/day) Breakfast282. 427. 2974. 46116. 7-438. 7 Lunch360. 3234. 8283. 9265. 5-642. 3 Dinner392. 0937. 89129. 15172. 1-790 Total (%TEI)1034. 79100(37. 18)168. 79768. 1-1507. 3 Total energy intake in fats (KJ/day) Breakfast111. 189. 2459. 9433. 2-280. 5 Lunch595. 7349. 5309. 55296-1793. 7 Dinner496. 2941. 25150. 02206. 1-838. 4 Total (%TEI)1203. 20100 (43. 23)373. 25756. 8-2587. 5 elude 4. 6The mean daily energy and macronutrient intake of players in terms of meal times.Energy intake from the table above indicates slightly higher levels of consumption at lunch times over dinner times at 1015. 21kcal/day (36. 47%) and 1004. 98kcal/day (36. 12%) respectively. Energy intakes range from 1985. 6-4105. 5kcal/day. Macronutrient intakes were slightly distributed across all meal times. Table 4. 7The mean daily energy and macronutrient intake of players in comparison with FAO/WHO/UNU 2004 reference values. IntakesMeans (kcal/dayPercentageskcal/kg/dayg/kg/dayReference g/ kg/day (%range) Energy (TDEI)2783. 43-39. 4-3500-4300 kcal/day Carbohydrate1034. 7937. 1814. 653. 7-12 (45-65) Protein545. 4919. 67. 721. 91. 2-1. 7 (10-35) Fat1203. 243. 2317. 031. 9- (20-35) TDEE3932. 55-55. 67 TDEI2783. 45-39. 4 TDEE-TDEI1149. 1-16. 27 4. 4. 2Difference in energy intake and expenditure According to data gotten from both the food and physical activity dairy, the mean energy shortfall is 1134kcal/day (16. 1kcal/kg/day). Energy intake was slightly higher than expenditure at point 7, 11 and 20 representing 141. 76kcal/day, 1045. 7kcal/day and 447kcal/day in extra energy respectively. Figure 3 shows the graphical simile of energy intake as against expenditure.Figure 3Energy intake and expenditure of players CHAPTER pentad (5) 5. 0DISCUSSION 5. 1DIETARY PATTERNS AND FOOD HABITS The dietary changes observed among these players are consistent with the findings of Rodriguez (2009) on changes in dietary habits as to a high protein intake of players in particular. R. Maug han (2000) suggested that football players tend to consume high intakes of protein with the effect of increasing muscle mass. This was not different with the current study as players consumed high levels of protein based foods due to its easy coming and availability within the study area.The players also had habits of consuming foods high in fat leading to its contribution of 43. 23% to total energy intake, as these levels of fat proportion may be poisonous to health (Martin et al, 2006). Cost, availability and convenience were challenges and these made them adapt to the habit of support wayside foods (96%). It is, therefore, not surprising that bulk ate fried rice and chicken, tuo zaafi and fufu and soup. Although breakfast is an important meal of the day, quite a significant number of players in this study skipped it.Skipping breakfast may also lead to over eating during the rest of the day. Most of the foods consumed were from staples but these resulted in very low carbohydra te intakes (1034. 79 168. 8 kcal/day). These may be as a result of the poor nutrient content of the foods as a result of poor cooking habits as foods eaten are prepared by food vendors (C. Nti, 2009). Meals consumed before a match was plain rice and tomato effort which may have negative effect on performance, with respect to the tomato stew which is high in fat, and this may stay the fast change state of energy to the body for endurance activities.The over reliance on wayside food and players left to make do for themselves with no amount of supervision may be detrimental to health and nutritional status. Most of these way side foods have very high levels of fat and this may account for the high amount of fat in diets. The eating behaviour of the players might have been influenced by other factors including food availability, convenience and in-person income level, as these seemingly determine an individuals food choice and habit. Thus one cannot eat foods if they are not avai lable, cannot be prepared or cannot be afforded. . 2MACRONUTRIENTS Carbohydrate is the primary fuel substrate during soccer, and consequently high dietary intakes of 45-65% of total calorific intake have been recommended for athletes (Clark, 1994 Bangsbo et al, 2006 Ebine et al. , 2002) and footballers (Burke et al, 2004 IOM, 2002). In this study, carbohydrate intake was significantly lower than these recommendations (37. 18 6. 1%, p 0. 05). When explicit relative to body mass (weight), the daily carbohydrate intake of 3. g/kg/day was way below the recommended 7-12g/kg/day for very active individuals (FAO/WHO/UNU, 2004). The current data provide further evidence to the commonly observed low carbohydrate intakes that are short for adequate glycogen replacement in male athletes (R. Maughan, 2000). Dietary recommendations for promoting maximal glycogen replacement and for the maintenance of muscle glycogen levels are to consume a high carbohydrate diet, 45-60% (IOM, 2002) and a dai ly intake of 7-12g/kg/day (Bangsbo et al, 2006).Based upon these recommendations, players in the current study reported carbohydrate intakes that are likely to be inadequate to replace muscle and coloured glycogen stores which rapidly deplete during retell bouts of high intensity exercise performed during training and competition (Bangsbo et al, 2006). Ultimately, both the quality of training and match perform